BRAIN STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS


The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to together as the brain stem.

The Cerebrum: The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Here is a visual representation of the cortex:

• Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
• Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
• Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing
• Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

The Cerebellum: The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.

Brain Stem: Underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Scientists say that this is the "simplest" part of human brains because animals' entire brains, such as reptiles (who appear early on the evolutionary scale) resemble our brain stem. 

POSITIVE THINKING


Positive thinking is a very powerful, which you can use to manifest your goals and accomplish difficult task. positive thinking arise from two important aspects of your mind. The first one is,the attitude with which you approach life and view the world in general. Your attitude determines how mind will process the information. Second, your-self image, which how you see yourself and how do you think others think about you. Your-self image determines your-self confident, your behaviors and your relationship with the world and people around you.

Positive thinking is the way of looking at the world with hopeful and cheerful. It is how you would like to position yourself in relation to the certain aspects and the things you interact with. This is how you make sense of the world, how you interpret your knowledge and experience, know how to deal with your problem. When we are in positive thinking, we will see the opportunities compared to the problems that you have in life. We should believe in our ability in order to achieve our goals and dreams. We should have the conviction that we will succeed in reaching our goals and dreams. Believe in our ability to control our mind and thought in the ability of on how we should manifest our intentions and aspirations.  

How To Get a Happiness?


For me, in order to gain a happiness we need to do something that can make us feel satisfied, be yourself and do the things that you want as long as it will not bring harm to other people. Here are some tips on how to get a happiness :
TIPS HOW TO BE HAPPY


1. Remember Life's Grateful Moments:
Try remembering or writing down on a paper few thing you were most grateful for and see how fast your happiness level mark goes up. This will help instantly to reduce your stress.


2. Listen Your Favourite Music:
Listening music of your choice can have significant effect on your health. One of the study claims that pleasant musical therapy can significantly lower heart rates and blood pressure and eventually make you feel stress free and energetic.


3. Are you Single? Find a partner. Set A Healthy Relationship:
Man is social animal and indeed he strives for emotional support and love. Being a bachelor for lifetime or having frequent break-ups with partners is worst. This can ruin your life. Maintaining healthy relationships can do miracles by releasing love hormones named 'Oxycontin'. Oxytocin is associated with feelings of loving bond, faith and trust. It's know to minimize stress.


4. Nourish Your Spirituality For Happiness:
David Myers, a social psychologist at Michigan's Hope College, says that faith provides crucial social support, a feeling of purpose and a reason to concentrate beyond the self, this overall help root people in their communities. So nourish your spirituality to flourish your happiness.

5. Try Earning More Wealth Than Your Peers:
A sociological research done in 2005 by researchers at Pennsylvania State University, USA claimed that wealth (money) can bring happiness especially when you earn more money than people in your age group. So compete with your peers and strive intellectually to earn more money than them. Get inspired from Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, be more creative, use your intelligence and keep practicing your skills.


6. Be Optimistic, Gain Success, Be Happy:
A group of psychologist have claimed that happiness is often an outcome of positive emotions. Optimism is liked to success which is further linked to happiness. So be positive in your life so as to achieve success and eventually gain happiness.


7. Explore Your Heritage and Culture:
One study claimed that teenagers of Mexican, Indian and Chinese ethnicity maintained high quotient of happiness despite daily stress when they had a strong sense of cultural identity. So explore your heritage and culture.


8. Re-Program Your Brain's Positive Thoughts:
"Positive emotions with positive attitudes do have a positive impact on brain's biochemistry" says psychologist Mary Ann Troiani. Optimists accelerates their Serotnin Levels and this reflects they're happy.


9. Share Your Feelings With Family, Friends and Loved ones:
Whenever you share your feelings, tensions and doubts with friends, parents and loved ones you reveal yourself. Nothing remains as a unsolved puzzle or hidden secret. Research have proved that people who share their feelings often with others are tend to be more happy than others who don't. So always share some of your life's moments with your loved ones and make your brain relax.


10. Imagine and Visualise Happiness:
Sometimes psychologist ask people to visualize what they would like to be in their lives. This creates a mental state that makes a person imagine things possible to achieve. Psychologist Mary Ann Troiani says, "If you experience such visualization with your eyes closed ,your brain doesn't know it's real or fake". Such imagination of unreal achievement can bring hopes and such possibility can finally lead to encouraged happiness.

I hope this is will help you to gain your happiness..:)

SOCIAL NETWORKING


Nowadays, social networking has become one of the important things in

our lives. Most of people agree that social networking can give them opportunities to connect with people around the world. From my personal of view,i do agree with the statement because i'm one of the social networking users and i communicate with people around the world through social networking. For me, this is the easier way for me to find a friend because as a student i need something that i don't have to spend a lot of money on that. Social networking such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Tagged and etc become one of the medium for a student like me to communicate with people. As we know that, through this social network, we don't have to meet the particular person instead we can talk to them through chat box. I spend a lot of time on this social network and as a student, this is not right things to do. Some of them agree that social network brings more harm to the users. As example, for student they tend to sleep late at night just because they want to meet their friend online. This is will be a problem for them to wake up in the morning.


For my personal opinion, the particular person should know how to control themselves on social networking. It would not be wrong for them to get involved with social networking but they should know their limit as a student. I have been joining Facebook since 2009 and so far, i don't have problem in my studies, I am able to submit my assignment on time.





As long as w know how to manage ourselves in this particular situation, it will not bring any problem to us. The important thing is, we should not expose to other people about our privacy. Social networking should be something that can make us to release stress and its not a "diary" for us to update any personal details that happened in life.

WILL SMITH

Willard Christopher Smith also known as Will Smith was born in September 25,1968. He is an American actor, producer, and rapper. He has enjoyed success in television, film and music. In April 2007, Newsweek called him the most powerful actor in Hollywood. Smith has been nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, two Academy Awards, and has won multiple Grammy Awards.
In the late 1980s, Smith achieved modest fame as a rapper under the name The Fresh Prince. In 1990, his popularity increased dramatically when he starred in the popular television series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. The show ran for nearly six years (1990–1996) on NBC and has been syndicated consistently on various networks since then. In the mid-1990s, Smith moved from television to film, and ultimately starred in numerous blockbuster films. He is the only actor to have eight consecutive films gross over $100 million in the domestic box office and the only one to have eight consecutive films in which he starred open at #1 spot in the domestic box office tally.

Smith was born and raised in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and also spent time in Germantown in Northwest Philadelphia. His mother, Caroline (née Bright), was a school administrator who worked for the Philadelphia school board, and his father, Willard Christopher Smith, Sr., was a refrigeration engineer. He was raised Baptist. His parents separated when he was thirteen,and did not actually divorce until around 2000.
It is untrue, though widely reported, that Smith turned down a scholarship to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); he never applied to the school,although he was admitted to a "pre-engineering program" there. According to Smith, "My mother, who worked for the School Board of Philadelphia, had a friend who was the admissions officer at MIT. I had pretty high SAT scores and they needed black kids, so I probably could have gotten in. But I had no intention of going to college."

Smith married actress Jada Pinkett in 1997. Together they have had two children: Jaden Christopher Syre (born 1998), his co-star in The Pursuit of Happyness, and Willow Camille Reign (born 2000), who appeared as his daughter in I Am Legend. Along with his brother, Harry Smith, he owns Treyball Development Inc. a Beverly Hills-based company named after his first son. Smith and his family reside on Star Island in Miami Beach, Florida and in Los Angeles, Stockholm, Sweden and Philadelphia.
Smith was consistently listed in Fortune Magazine's "Richest 40" list of the forty wealthiest Americans under the age of 40. He donated $4,600 to the presidential campaign of Democrat Barack Obama. December 11, 2009, Smith and his wife hosted the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway, when Obama had won the prize.

"The Pursuit of Happyness", one of the movie that left me profound effect in my life. The main actor is Will Smith together with his son Jaden give the big impact for other people. The movie is about Chriss Garder (Will Smith) have been trying to change his family life. He had been through a hard time when he got no money to support his family for their daily life. His wife, Linda left him and her son,Christopher ( Jaden Smith) because she could not stand with the situation. With no money and a wife, Chriss Gardner sent a application for a stockbroker internship position at Dean Witter in trial period for 6 months without salary. For the time being, he lost his money, his house and at time he and his son was sleeping in the toilet. Good fortune, Chriss Gardner was accepted to be as a broker at the company. Since that day, his life together with his son was changed to a better life.



From this movie, how are the people have influenced our happiness. Even though, Chriss Gardner got no money but he was fighting with his wife it just because he wanted to take care of his son. At the moment, his son is a important thing that can make him smiled. For those people, they need money in order to gain a happiness but for me, money cannot buy a happiness.The feeling of happiness it is not depends only on materials. People around us are the important thing that we need to complete our lives and indirectly can give us a truly happiness. We did not know the hidden feeling of wealthy people. We thought they are the happier person in this world but instead those people are not feeling happy, though they have a lot of money but money cannot buy the happiness. They need love, person that can make them smile and laugh.

DEATH OF ADOLF HITLER


On 30 April 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide by gunshot in his Führerbunker in Berlin. His wife Eva, committed suicide with him by ingesting cyanide. That afternoon, in accordance with Hitler's prior instructions, their remains were carried up the stairs through the bunker's emergency exit, doused in petrol and set alight in the Reich Chancellery garden outside the bunker. The Soviet archives record that their burnt remains were recovered and interred in successive locations until 1970 when they were again exhumed, cremated and the ashes scattered.
Accounts differ as to the cause of death; one that he died by poison only and another that he died by a self-inflicted gunshot, while biting down on a cyanide capsule. Contemporary historians have rejected these accounts as being either Soviet propaganda or an attempted compromise in order to reconcile the different conclusions. One eye-witness recorded that the body showed signs of having been shot through the mouth, but this has been proven unlikely. There is also controversy regarding the authenticity of skull and jaw fragments which were recovered.

Adolf Hitler was a victim of child abuse. His father, Alois Hitler was familiar with the discipline of his father at his workplace was trying to practice at home. His foster brother, Alois Jr., Often beaten by his father and at age 14 years, he has run away from home. As a result, Hitler has been a victim of his violence. From my point of view, Hitler changed to be a cruel person because about what he had been through since he was a teen.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDBU-43db-s&feature=fvst

GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II

The history of Germany during World War II closely parallels that of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler. He came to power in Germany in 1933. From that point onward, Germany followed a policy of rearmament and confrontation with other countries. During the war German armies occupied most of Europe; Nazi forces defeated France, took Norway, invaded Yugoslavia and Greece and occupied much of the European portion of the Soviet Union. Germany also forged alliances with Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and later Finland and collaborated with individuals in several other nations. The German defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942 was considered the decisive victory that turned the tide of the war against Germany and her Anti-Comintern allies. The Second World War culminated in Germany's unconditional surrender to the Allies, the fall of Nazi Germany, and the death of Adolf Hitler.

What happened to Germany after World War II ?

Germany surrendered unconditionally. In other words, the Allies could do as they pleased with the country. The country was divided into four zones (American, British, French and Soviet) governed by the four powers of occupation. Berlin, which geographically lay in the Soviet Zone, was divided into four sectors. Germany east of the Oder and Gneiss rivers was transferred to Poland and Soviet Union. The German population of these areas and also of Czechoslovakia and some east European countries was expelled and forcibly moved to Germany.  Many estimates put the number of expelled Germans at about 11.7 million. Obviously, many suffered grievously and some died in the process. (Estimates of the number of Germans that died as a result of the expulsions range from 1 million to 2 million). Hyperinflation. Prices rose by about 85% in the twelve months from December 1944. (For many Germans this was the second hyperinflation in a generation). Germany was "morally" bankrupt. All people who wished to keep positions of responsibility (such as teachers) had to convince the Allies that they weren't Nazis. This process of "denazification" was felt to be very degrading. The infrastructure had been very badly damaged by British and Americas bombing, and by fighting on the ground. Twelve months after the end of the war in Europe it took 72 hours to travel by rail from Munich to Hamburg. In many parts of the country essentials such as food were in short supply. Even if they were 'there' on paper, transport problems often prevented efficient distribution. For both the Allies and the Germans, one of the top priorities was to clear rubble from the streets of the cities. Often the rubble made it impossible for vehicles to use the carriageway. This work was largely done by women. In exchange, they and their children were fed, but they were paid the equivalent of only 10 cents an hour. The repatriation of prisoners of war took quite a while. The Red Cross tried to make sure that next of kin knew whether their menfolk were still alive, but for years after the war many women didn't know whether their husbands were still alive. The Soviet Union didn't return all POWs till 1955 - and sometimes didn't give information either. It was above all the Cold War and the long postwar boom that pulled Germany out this mess.

The Steve Jobs Nobody Knew

Jeff Goodell was born and raised in Silicon Valley. He worked as a blackjack dealer, a glazier, a janitor, a bartender at a topless club, an editor at a Russian literary journal, and a technical writer at Apple. He has a BA in English from the University of California, Berkeley, and an MFA in Fiction Writing from Columbia University. Goodell has began his career as a journalist covering crime and politics in New York City for 7 Days, a weekly magazine that won a National Magazine Award for General Excellence in 1990.
Jeff Goodell has written an article about The Steve Jobs Nobody Knew to expose about the real life of Steve Jobs. Goodell was one of the workers of Apple Company and he knows the real life of Steve Jobs. People thought that every successful person has a good personality but for those person that have worked under Steve Jobs, they might say its a wrong perspective or thought towards Jobs. In this article, Jeff Goodell wrote about the real characteristic of Steve Jobs which is how Jobs changed to be a worse person.
As Apple ascended, Jobs changed, his temper grows shorter and he began treating people around him badly. His bad character showed when he fathered a daughter with his longtime girlfriend Chrisann Brennan at age 23, Jobs was not only denied his paternity but he famously trashed Brennan in public. Jobs said to Time in 1893, "28 percent male population of the United States could be the father". Jobs refused to provide her with any financial help. After his daughter Lisa was born,Jobs was a distant father dropping in on her infrequently. Brennan lived on welfare but Jobs continued to deny paternity until it was confirmed by a DNA test. He was a control freak, Jobs demanded perfection and originality in every detail. The big lesson of capitalism is that Steve, did not believe that consumer was right. He believed that he was always right and people should listen and follow his words.
                       From this article we know that nobody is perfect, even though Steve Jobs was one of the successful person in this world but he did mistakes. He tried to show the world by pretending to be a good person based on what he achieved in his life but people around him know the character of Steve Jobs behind the scene.

ADOLF HITLER

• Adolf Hitler was born April 20th 1889, in the small Austrian town of Braunau near the German border.
• Hitler's parents came from a poor families.
•  Hitler moved to Vienna in 1907 where he applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine arts, but was twice turned down.
• He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945.
• In 1913, Hitler moved to Munich and avoided Austrian military service in 1914 by virtue of being unfit.
• When the First World War broke out in 1914 he joined the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, serving throughout the war.

WHY DID ADOLF HITLER HATE JEWISH?

The Jewish people were actually the victims of anti-Semitism (or, "Anti-Jewish thinking") for years before Hitler came around. It's human nature to be a little afraid of people who are different from you, and unfortunately non-Jewish people have unfairly blamed Jewish people for many things throughout history. Before Hitler came to power, there was a book that claimed Jewish people were secretly trying to conspire to control all the money and power in the world; it was all lies, but people in Hitler's time still believed it since the doctor that took care of his mother was a Jew and the she died because the costs was too expensive and Hitler could not pay it . When Germany lost in World War I, the country suffered economic hardship, and many of the people who believed that the Jews were trying to gain power blamed the country's economic problems on them instead of on the war they had just lost. Hitler believed that the Jews are liars and hide their true feelings, for complete free expression is a social impossibility for them. Adolf Hitler intended to create a new religion that installs him as the new prophet at that time.

THE DEGREE OF HAPPINESS

" The Degree Of Happiness" written by Betrand Russell is about how to get a happiness from a simple life. According to Russell, happiness is of two sorts that can be described between the two sorts of happiness which is to human being and it might be distinguished as plain and fancy, or animal and spiritual or of the heart and of the head.
For me, happiness can be found in many different forms. In order to be truly happy, we need to understand that everything is good within our own life and we are able to be happy with the people that involves in our life and those people that influence the way of living.We should know that everything happened for a reason,it has happened in order to guide us to be a better person in the future. The times must be the harder time but we should learn from experience and make it as a guidance. Happiness is not free. We have to work hard to get the best reward in our lives. The best kind of happiness is we care about someone and they might care about you. They might be just your friend but its enough to show that you are trying to give them the best and you are expecting the same thing for yourself. Happiness is not what you do for yourself, its all about what you do for others. Happiness is not when someone makes you smile or laugh,its all about when you be able to make other person feeling happy and remain a beautiful smile in their face.

 

" Happiness is like a butterfly, the more you chase it..the more it will elude you, but if you turn your attention to other things,it will come and sit softly on your shoulder"

STEVE JOBS

 Steven Paul Jobs or known as Steve Jobs was an American businessman and inventor widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution. He was born on February 24, 1955, to Joanne Simpson and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, two University of Wisconsin graduate students who gave their unnamed son up for adoption. His father, Abdulfattah Jandali, was a Syrian political science professor and his mother, Joanne Simpson, worked as a speech therapist. Shortly after Steve was placed for adoption, his biological parents married and had another child, Mona Simpson. It was not until Jobs was 27 that he was able to uncover information on his biological parents. Jobs was adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs and named Steven Paul Jobs. Clara worked as an accountant and Paul was a Coast Guard veteran and machinist. The family lived in Mountain View within California's Silicon Valley. As a boy, Jobs and his father would work on electronics in the family garage. Paul would show his son how to take apart and reconstruct electronics, a hobby which instilled confidence, determination, and mechanical intensity in young Jobs.When Steve Jobs reached college age, he decided he would go to Reed College in Oregon. It was an expensive liberal arts college, way too expensive for his modest parents; but they had to keep their promise to Steve’s biological mother, and therefore paid for the tuition. Steve only stayed at Reed for one semester and he dropped out for the next semester. He then spent a lot of time learning about Eastern mysticism and adopted strange diets, fasting or eating only fruits. He learned to survive with his condition at that time before he traveled  to India with his friend.